studies in Russia, goes to Bern to study under Eduard Fischer
appointed Professor of Botany in the Polytechnic Institute of Riga, Latvia
1899 studies with Mattirolo in Florence, Italy; starts work on hypogeousfungi
1917 loses all possessions (property, collections, papers) in the Russian revolution; barely escapes to Estonia, where he becomes director of the botanical garden at Dorpat
